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Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad · c. 200 BCE – 500 CE (debated) · Vedic Sanskrit · Atharvaveda
Traditional: Māṇḍūkya ṛṣi tradition
Scholarly note: Shortest principal Upaniṣad; foundation for Gauḍapāda’s Kārikā.
Map the syllable Oṃ to four pādas of consciousness and ultimate turīya.
Extent · 12 mantras
Twelve verses on waking, dream, sleep, and the fourth state.